D:\CIniFile-Filpcode\CStdString.h

// =============================================================================
//  FILE:  StdString.h
//  AUTHOR: Joe O'Leary (with outside help noted in comments)
//  REMARKS:
//      This header file declares the CStdStr template.  This template derives
//      the Standard C++ Library basic_string<> template and add to it the
//      the following conveniences:
//          - The full MFC CString set of functions (including implicit cast)
//          - writing to/reading from COM IStream interfaces
//          - Functional objects for use in STL algorithms
//
//      From this template, we intstantiate two classes:  CStdStringA and
//      CStdStringW.  The name "CStdString" is just a #define of one of these,
//      based upone the _UNICODE macro setting
//
//      This header also declares our own version of the MFC/ATL UNICODE-MBCS
//      conversion macros.  Our version looks exactly like the Microsoft's to
//      facilitate portability.
//
//  NOTE:
//      If you you use this in an MFC or ATL build, you should include either
//      afx.h or atlbase.h first, as appropriate.
//
//  PEOPLE WHO HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO THIS CLASS:
//
//      Several people have helped me iron out problems and othewise improve
//      this class.  OK, this is a long list but in my own defense, this code
//      has undergone two major rewrites.  Many of the improvements became
//      necessary after I rewrote the code as a template.  Others helped me
//      improve the CString facade.
//
//      Anyway, these people are (in chronological order):
//
//          - Pete the Plumber (???)
//          - Julian Selman
//          - Chris (of Melbsys)
//          - Dave Plummer
//          - John C Sipos
//          - Chris Sells
//          - Nigel Nunn
//          - Fan Xia
//          - Matthew Williams
//          - Carl Engman
//          - Mark Zeren
//          - Craig Watson
//          - Rich Zuris
//          - Karim Ratib
//          - Chris Conti
//          - Baptiste Lepilleur
//          - Greg Pickles
//          - Jim Cline
//          - Jeff Kohn
//          - Todd Heckel
//          - Ullrich Pollähne
//          - Joe Vitaterna
//          - Joe Woodbury
//
//  REVISION HISTORY
//
//    2000-JUL-11 - Joe Woodbury noted that the CString::Find docs don't match
//                  what the CString::Find code really ends up doing.   I was
//                  trying to match the docs.  Now I match the CString code
//                - Joe also caught me truncating strings for GetBuffer() calls
//                  when the supplied length was less than the current length.
//
//    2000-MAY-25 - Better support for STLPORT's Standard library distribution
//                - Got rid of the NSP macro - it interfered with Koenig lookup
//                - Thanks to Joe Woodbury for catching a TrimLeft() bug that
//                  I introduced in January.  Empty strings were not getting
//                  trimmed
//
//    2000-APR-17 - Thanks to Joe Vitaterna for pointing out that ReverseFind
//                  is supposed to be a const function.
//
//    2000-MAR-07 - Thanks to Ullrich Pollähne for catching a range bug in one
//                  of the overloads of assign.
//
//    2000-FEB-01 - You can now use CStdString on the Mac with CodeWarrior!
//                  Thanks to Todd Heckel for helping out with this.
//
//    2000-JAN-23 - Thanks to Jim Cline for pointing out how I could make the
//                  Trim() function more efficient.
//                - Thanks to Jeff Kohn for prompting me to find and fix a typo
//                  in one of the addition operators that takes _bstr_t.
//                - Got rid of the .CPP file -  you only need StdString.h now!
//
//    1999-DEC-22 - Thanks to Greg Pickles for helping me identify a problem
//                  with my implementation of CStdString::FormatV in which
//                  resulting string might not be properly NULL terminated.
//
//    1999-DEC-06 - Chris Conti pointed yet another basic_string<> assignment
//                  bug that MS has not fixed.  CStdString did nothing to fix
//                  it either but it does now!  The bug was: create a string
//                  longer than 31 characters, get a pointer to it (via c_str())
//                  and then assign that pointer to the original string object.
//                  The resulting string would be empty.  Not with CStdString!
//
//    1999-OCT-06 - BufferSet was erasing the string even when it was merely
//                  supposed to shrink it.  Fixed.  Thanks to Chris Conti.
//                - Some of the Q172398 fixes were not checking for assignment-
//                  to-self.  Fixed.  Thanks to Baptiste Lepilleur.
//
//    1999-AUG-20 - Improved Load() function to be more efficient by using 
//                  SizeOfResource().  Thanks to Rich Zuris for this.
//                - Corrected resource ID constructor, again thanks to Rich.
//                - Fixed a bug that occurred with UNICODE characters above
//                  the first 255 ANSI ones.  Thanks to Craig Watson. 
//                - Added missing overloads of TrimLeft() and TrimRight().
//                  Thanks to Karim Ratib for pointing them out
//
//    1999-JUL-21 - Made all calls to GetBuf() with no args check length first.
//
//    1999-JUL-10 - Improved MFC/ATL independence of conversion macros
//                - Added SS_NO_REFCOUNT macro to allow you to disable any
//                  reference-counting your basic_string<> impl. may do.
//                - Improved ReleaseBuffer() to be as forgiving as CString.
//                  Thanks for Fan Xia for helping me find this and to
//                  Matthew Williams for pointing it out directly.
//
//    1999-JUL-06 - Thanks to Nigel Nunn for catching a very sneaky bug in
//                  ToLower/ToUpper.  They should call GetBuf() instead of
//                  data() in order to ensure the changed string buffer is not
//                  reference-counted (in those implementations that refcount).
//
//    1999-JUL-01 - Added a true CString facade.  Now you can use CStdString as
//                  a drop-in replacement for CString.  If you find this useful,
//                  you can thank Chris Sells for finally convincing me to give
//                  in and implement it.
//                - Changed operators << and >> (for MFC CArchive) to serialize
//                  EXACTLY as CString's do.  So now you can send a CString out
//                  to a CArchive and later read it in as a CStdString.   I have
//                  no idea why you would want to do this but you can. 
//
//    1999-JUN-21 - Changed the CStdString class into the CStdStr template.
//                - Fixed FormatV() to correctly decrement the loop counter.
//                  This was harmless bug but a bug nevertheless.  Thanks to
//                  Chris (of Melbsys) for pointing it out
//                - Changed Format() to try a normal stack-based array before
//                  using to _alloca().
//                - Updated the text conversion macros to properly use code
//                  pages and to fit in better in MFC/ATL builds.  In other
//                  words, I copied Microsoft's conversion stuff again. 
//                - Added equivalents of CString::GetBuffer, GetBufferSetLength
//                - new sscpy() replacement of CStdString::CopyString()
//                - a Trim() function that combines TrimRight() and TrimLeft().
//
//    1999-MAR-13 - Corrected the "NotSpace" functional object to use _istpace()
//                  instead of _isspace()   Thanks to Dave Plummer for this.
//
//    1999-FEB-26 - Removed errant line (left over from testing) that #defined
//                  _MFC_VER.  Thanks to John C Sipos for noticing this.
//
//    1999-FEB-03 - Fixed a bug in a rarely-used overload of operator+() that
//                  caused infinite recursion and stack overflow
//                - Added member functions to simplify the process of
//                  persisting CStdStrings to/from DCOM IStream interfaces 
//                - Added functional objects (e.g. StdStringLessNoCase) that
//                  allow CStdStrings to be used as keys STL map objects with
//                  case-insensitive comparison 
//                - Added array indexing operators (i.e. operator[]).  I
//                  originally assumed that these were unnecessary and would be
//                  inherited from basic_string.  However, without them, Visual
//                  C++ complains about ambiguous overloads when you try to use
//                  them.  Thanks to Julian Selman to pointing this out. 
//
//    1998-FEB-?? - Added overloads of assign() function to completely account
//                  for Q172398 bug.  Thanks to "Pete the Plumber" for this
//
//    1998-FEB-?? - Initial submission
//
// COPYRIGHT:
//      1999 Joseph M. O'Leary.  This code is free.  Use it anywhere you want.
//      Rewrite it, restructure it, whatever.  Please don't blame me if it makes
//      your $30 billion dollar satellite explode in orbit.  If you redistribute
//      it in any form, I'd appreciate it if you would leave this notice here.
//
//      If you find any bugs, please let me know:
//
//              jmoleary@earthlink.net
//              http://home.earthlink.net/~jmoleary
// =============================================================================

// Avoid multiple inclusion the VC++ way,
// Turn off browser references
// Turn off unavoidable compiler warnings

#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER > 1100)
    #pragma once
    #pragma component(browser, off, references, "CStdString")
    #pragma warning (disable : 4290) // C++ Exception Specification ignored
    #pragma warning (disable : 4127) // Conditional expression is constant
    #pragma warning (disable : 4097) // typedef name used as synonym for class name

    // AV - 22/08/2000
    // To avoid "identifier was truncated to '255' characters in the debug information"
    #pragma warning (disable : 4786)

#endif

#ifndef STDSTRING_H
#define STDSTRING_H


// MACRO: SS_NO_REFCOUNT:
//      turns off reference counting at the assignment level
//      I define this by default.  comment it out if you don't want it.

#define SS_NO_REFCOUNT  

// In non-Visual C++ and/or non-Win32 builds, we can't use some cool stuff.

#if !defined(_MSC_VER) || !defined(_WIN32)
    #define SS_ANSI
#endif

// Avoid legacy code screw up: if _UNICODE is defined, UNICODE must be as well

#if defined (_UNICODE) && !defined (UNICODE)
    #define UNICODE
#endif
#if defined (UNICODE) && !defined (_UNICODE)
    #define _UNICODE
#endif

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// MIN and MAX.  The Standard C++ template versions go by so many names (at
// at least in the MS implementation) that you never know what's available 
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
template<class Type>
inline const Type& SSMIN(const Type& arg1, const Type& arg2)
{
    return arg2 < arg1 ? arg2 : arg1;
}
template<class Type>
inline const Type& SSMAX(const Type& arg1, const Type& arg2)
{
    return arg2 > arg1 ? arg2 : arg1;
}

// If they have not #included W32Base.h (part of my W32 utility library) then
// we need to define some stuff.  Otherwise, this is all defined there.

#if !defined(W32BASE_H)

    // If they want us to use only standard C++ stuff (no Win32 stuff)

    #ifdef SS_ANSI

        // On non-Win32 platforms, there is no TCHAR.H so define what we need

        #ifndef _WIN32

            typedef const char*     PCSTR;
            typedef char*           PSTR;
            typedef const wchar_t*  PCWSTR;
            typedef wchar_t*        PWSTR;
            #ifdef UNICODE
                typedef wchar_t     TCHAR;
            #else
                typedef char        TCHAR;
            #endif
            typedef wchar_t         OLECHAR;

        #else

            #include <TCHAR.H>
            #include <WTYPES.H>
            #ifndef STRICT
                #define STRICT
            #endif

        #endif  // #ifndef _WIN32


        // Make sure ASSERT and verify are defined in an ANSI fashion

        #ifndef ASSERT
            #include <assert.h>
            #define ASSERT(f) assert((f))
        #endif
        #ifndef VERIFY
            #ifdef _DEBUG
                #define VERIFY(x) ASSERT((x))
            #else
                #define VERIFY(x) x
            #endif
        #endif

    #else // #ifdef SS_ANSI

        #include <TCHAR.H>
        #include <WTYPES.H>
        #ifndef STRICT
            #define STRICT
        #endif

        // Make sure ASSERT and verify are defined

        #ifndef ASSERT
            #include <crtdbg.h>
            #define ASSERT(f) _ASSERTE((f))
        #endif
        #ifndef VERIFY
            #ifdef _DEBUG
                #define VERIFY(x) ASSERT((x))
            #else
                #define VERIFY(x) x
            #endif
        #endif

    #endif // #ifdef SS_ANSI

    #ifndef UNUSED
        #define UNUSED(x) x
    #endif

#endif // #ifndef W32BASE_H

// Standard headers needed

#include <string>           // basic_string
#include <algorithm>        // for_each, etc.
#include <functional>       // for StdStringLessNoCase, et al
#include <locale>           // for various facets

// If this is a recent enough version of VC include comdef.h, so we can write
// member functions to deal with COM types & compiler support classes e.g. _bstr_t

#if defined (_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1100)
    #include <comdef.h>
    #define SS_INC_COMDEF       // signal that we #included MS comdef.h file
    #define STDSTRING_INC_COMDEF
    #define SS_NOTHROW __declspec(nothrow)
#else
    #define SS_NOTHROW
#endif

#ifndef TRACE
    #define TRACE_DEFINED_HERE
    #define TRACE
#endif

// Microsoft defines PCSTR, PCWSTR, etc, but no PCTSTR.  I hate to use the
// versions with the "L" in front of them because that's a leftover from Win 16
// days, even though it evaluates to the same thing.  Therefore, Define a PCSTR
// as an LPCTSTR.

#if !defined(PCTSTR) && !defined(PCTSTR_DEFINED)
    typedef const TCHAR*            PCTSTR;
    #define PCTSTR_DEFINED
#endif

#if !defined(PCOLESTR) && !defined(PCOLESTR_DEFINED)
    typedef const OLECHAR*          PCOLESTR;
    #define PCOLESTR_DEFINED
#endif

#if !defined(POLESTR) && !defined(POLESTR_DEFINED)
    typedef OLECHAR*                POLESTR;
    #define POLESTR_DEFINED
#endif

#if !defined(PCUSTR) && !defined(PCUSTR_DEFINED)
    typedef const unsigned char*    PCUSTR;
    typedef unsigned char*          PUSTR;
    #define PCUSTR_DEFINED
#endif

// SS_USE_FACET macro and why we need it:
//
// Since I'm a good little Standard C++ programmer, I use locales.  Thus, I
// need to make use of the use_facet<> template function here.   Unfortunately,
// this need is complicated by the fact the MS' implementation of the Standard
// C++ Library has a non-standard version of use_facet that takes more
// arguments than the standard dictates.  Since I'm trying to write CStdString
// to work with any version of the Standard library, this presents a problem.
//
// The upshot of this is that I can't do 'use_facet' directly.  The MS' docs
// tell me that I have to use a macro, _USE() instead.  Since _USE obviously
// won't be available in other implementations, this means that I have to write
// my OWN macro -- SS_USE_FACET -- that evaluates either to _USE or to the
// standard, use_facet.
//
// If you are having trouble with the SS_USE_FACET macro, in your implementation
// of the Standard C++ Library, you can define your own version of SS_USE_FACET.
#ifndef schMSG
    #define schSTR(x)      #x
    #define schSTR2(x)  schSTR(x)
    #define schMSG(desc) message(__FILE__ "(" schSTR2(__LINE__) "):" #desc)
#endif

#ifndef SS_USE_FACET
    // STLPort #defines a macro (__STL_NO_EXPLICIT_FUNCTION_TMPL_ARGS) for
    // all MSVC builds, erroneously in my opinion.  It causes problems for
    // my SS_ANSI builds.  In my code, I always comment out that line.  You'll
    // find it in   \stlport\config\stl_msvc.h
    #if defined(__SGI_STL_PORT) && (__SGI_STL_PORT >= 0x400 )
        #if defined(__STL_NO_EXPLICIT_FUNCTION_TMPL_ARGS) && defined(_MSC_VER)
            #ifdef SS_ANSI
                #pragma schMSG(__STL_NO_EXPLICIT_FUNCTION_TMPL_ARGS defined!!)
            #endif
        #endif
        #define SS_USE_FACET(loc, fac) std::use_facet<fac >(loc)
    #elif defined(_MSC_VER )
        #define SS_USE_FACET(loc, fac) std::_USE(loc,fac)
    #else
        #define SS_USE_FACET(loc, fac) std::use_facet<fac >(loc)
    #endif
#endif

// =============================================================================
// UNICODE/MBCS conversion macros.  Made to work just like the MFC/ATL ones.
// =============================================================================

// First define the conversion helper functions.  We define these regardless of
// any preprocessor macro settings since their names won't collide. 

#ifdef SS_ANSI // Are we doing things the standard, non-Win32 way?...

    typedef std::codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t> SSCodeCvt;

    // Not sure if we need all these headers.   I believe ANSI says we do.

    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <stdarg.h>
    #include <wchar.h>
    #ifndef va_start
        #include <varargs.h>
    #endif

    // StdCodeCvt - made to look like Win32 functions WideCharToMultiByte annd
    //              MultiByteToWideChar but uses locales in SS_ANSI builds
    inline PWSTR StdCodeCvt(PWSTR pW, PCSTR pA, int nChars,
        const std::locale& loc=std::locale())
    {
        ASSERT(NULL != pA);
        ASSERT(NULL != pW);
        pW[0] = '\0';
        PSTR pBadA              = NULL;
        PWSTR pBadW             = NULL;
        SSCodeCvt::result res   = SSCodeCvt::ok;
        const SSCodeCvt& conv   = SS_USE_FACET(loc, SSCodeCvt);
        res                     = conv.in(res,
                                          pA, pA + nChars, pBadA,
                                          pW, pW + nChars, pBadW);
        ASSERT(SSCodeCvt::ok == res);
        return pW;
    }
    inline PWSTR StdCodeCvt(PWSTR pW, PCUSTR pA, int nChars,
        const std::locale& loc=std::locale())
    {
        return StdCodeCvt(pW, (PCSTR)pA, nChars, loc);
    }

    inline PSTR StdCodeCvt(PSTR pA, PCWSTR pW, int nChars,
        const std::locale& loc=std::locale())
    {
        ASSERT(NULL != pA);
        ASSERT(NULL != pW);
        pA[0] = '\0';
        PSTR pBadA              = NULL;
        PWSTR pBadW             = NULL;
        const SSCodeCvt& conv   = SS_USE_FACET(loc, SSCodeCvt);
        SSCodeCvt::result res   = SSCodeCvt::ok;
        res                     = conv.out(res,
                                           pW, pW + nChars, pBadW,
                                           pA, pA + nChars, pBadA);
        ASSERT(SSCodeCvt::ok == res);
        return pA;
    }
    inline PUSTR StdCodeCvt(PUSTR pA, PCWSTR pW, int nChars,
        const std::locale& loc=std::locale())
    {
        return (PUSTR)StdCodeCvt((PSTR)pA, pW, nChars, loc);
    }

#else   // ...or are we doing things assuming win32 and Visual C++?

    #include <malloc.h> // needed for _alloca

    inline PWSTR StdCodeCvt(PWSTR pW, PCSTR pA, int nChars, UINT acp=CP_ACP)
    {
        ASSERT(NULL != pA);
        ASSERT(NULL != pW);
        pW[0] = '\0';
        MultiByteToWideChar(acp, 0, pA, -1, pW, nChars);
        return pW;
    }
    inline PWSTR StdCodeCvt(PWSTR pW, PCUSTR pA, int nChars, UINT acp=CP_ACP)
    {
        return StdCodeCvt(pW, (PCSTR)pA, nChars, acp);
    }

    inline PSTR StdCodeCvt(PSTR pA, PCWSTR pW, int nChars, UINT acp=CP_ACP)
    {
        ASSERT(NULL != pA);
        ASSERT(NULL != pW);
        pA[0] = '\0';
        WideCharToMultiByte(acp, 0, pW, -1, pA, nChars, NULL, NULL);
        return pA;
    }
    inline PUSTR StdCodeCvt(PUSTR pA, PCWSTR pW, int nChars, UINT acp=CP_ACP)
    {
        return (PUSTR)StdCodeCvt((PSTR)pA, pW, nChars, acp);
    }

    // Define our conversion macros to look exactly like Microsoft's to
    // facilitate using this stuff both with and without MFC/ATL

    #ifdef _CONVERSION_USES_THREAD_LOCALE
        #ifndef _DEBUG
            #define SSCVT int _cvt; _cvt; UINT _acp=GetACP(); \
                _acp; PCWSTR _pw; _pw; PCSTR _pa; _pa
        #else
            #define SSCVT int _cvt = 0; _cvt; UINT _acp=GetACP();\
                 _acp; PCWSTR _pw=NULL; _pw; PCSTR _pa=NULL; _pa
        #endif
    #else
        #ifndef _DEBUG
            #define SSCVT int _cvt; _cvt; UINT _acp=CP_ACP; _acp;\
                 PCWSTR _pw; _pw; PCSTR _pa; _pa
        #else
            #define SSCVT int _cvt = 0; _cvt; UINT _acp=CP_ACP; \
                _acp; PCWSTR _pw=NULL; _pw; PCSTR _pa=NULL; _pa
        #endif
    #endif

    #ifdef _CONVERSION_USES_THREAD_LOCALE
        #define SSA2W(pa) (\
            ((_pa = pa) == NULL) ? NULL : (\
                _cvt = (strlen(_pa)+1),\
                StdCodeCvt((PWSTR) _alloca(_cvt*2), _pa, _cvt, _acp)))
        #define SSW2A(pw) (\
            ((_pw = pw) == NULL) ? NULL : (\
                _cvt = (wcslen(_pw)+1)*2,\
                StdW2AHelper((LPSTR) _alloca(_cvt), _pw, _cvt, _acp)))
    #else
        #define SSA2W(pa) (\
            ((_pa = pa) == NULL) ? NULL : (\
                _cvt = (strlen(_pa)+1),\
                StdCodeCvt((PWSTR) _alloca(_cvt*2), _pa, _cvt)))
        #define SSW2A(pw) (\
            ((_pw = pw) == NULL) ? NULL : (\
                _cvt = (wcslen(_pw)+1)*2,\
                StdCodeCvt((LPSTR) _alloca(_cvt), _pw, _cvt)))
    #endif

    #define SSA2CW(pa) ((PCWSTR)SSA2W((pa)))
    #define SSW2CA(pw) ((PCSTR)SSW2A((pw)))

    #ifdef UNICODE
        #define SST2A   SSW2A
        #define SSA2T   SSA2W
        #define SST2CA  SSW2CA
        #define SSA2CT  SSA2CW
        inline PWSTR    SST2W(PTSTR p)          { return p; }
        inline PTSTR    SSW2T(PWSTR p)          { return p; }
        inline PCWSTR   SST2CW(PCTSTR p)        { return p; }
        inline PCTSTR   SSW2CT(PCWSTR p)        { return p; }
    #else
        #define SST2W   SSA2W
        #define SSW2T   SSW2A
        #define SST2CW  SSA2CW
        #define SSW2CT  SSW2CA
        inline PSTR     SST2A(PTSTR p)          { return p; }
        inline PTSTR    SSA2T(PSTR p)           { return p; }
        inline PCSTR    SST2CA(PCTSTR p)        { return p; }
        inline PCTSTR   SSA2CT(PCSTR p)         { return p; }
    #endif // #ifdef UNICODE

    #if defined(UNICODE)
    // in these cases the default (TCHAR) is the same as OLECHAR
        inline PCOLESTR SST2COLE(PCTSTR p)      { return p; }
        inline PCTSTR   SSOLE2CT(PCOLESTR p)    { return p; }
        inline POLESTR  SST2OLE(PTSTR p)        { return p; }
        inline PTSTR    SSOLE2T(POLESTR p)      { return p; }
    #elif defined(OLE2ANSI)
    // in these cases the default (TCHAR) is the same as OLECHAR
        inline PCOLESTR SST2COLE(PCTSTR p)      { return p; }
        inline PCTSTR   SSOLE2CT(PCOLESTR p)    { return p; }
        inline POLESTR  SST2OLE(PTSTR p)        { return p; }
        inline PTSTR    SSOLE2T(POLESTR p)      { return p; }
    #else
        //CharNextW doesn't work on Win95 so we use this
        #define SST2COLE(pa)    SSA2CW((pa))
        #define SST2OLE(pa)     SSA2W((pa))
        #define SSOLE2CT(po)    SSW2CA((po))
        #define SSOLE2T(po)     SSW2A((po))
    #endif

    #ifdef OLE2ANSI
        #define SSW2OLE     SSW2A
        #define SSOLE2W     SSA2W
        #define SSW2COLE    SSW2CA
        #define SSOLE2CW    SSA2CW
        inline POLESTR      SSA2OLE(PSTR p)     { return p; }
        inline PSTR         SSOLE2A(POLESTR p)  { return p; }
        inline PCOLESTR     SSA2COLE(PCSTR p)   { return p; }
        inline PCSTR        SSOLE2CA(PCOLESTR p){ return p; }
    #else
        #define SSA2OLE     SSA2W
        #define SSOLE2A     SSW2A
        #define SSA2COLE    SSA2CW
        #define SSOLE2CA    SSW2CA
        inline POLESTR      SSW2OLE(PWSTR p)    { return p; }
        inline PWSTR        SSOLE2W(POLESTR p)  { return p; }
        inline PCOLESTR     SSW2COLE(PCWSTR p)  { return p; }
        inline PCWSTR       SSOLE2CW(PCOLESTR p){ return p; }
    #endif

    // Above we've defined macros that look like MS' but all have
    // an 'SS' prefix.  Now we need the real macros.  We'll either
    // get them from the macros above or from MFC/ATL.  If
    // SS_NO_CONVERSION is #defined, we'll forgo them

    #ifndef SS_NO_CONVERSION

        #if defined (USES_CONVERSION)

            #define _NO_STDCONVERSION   // just to be consistent

        #else

            #ifdef _MFC_VER

                #include <afxconv.h>
                #define _NO_STDCONVERSION // just to be consistent

            #else

                #define USES_CONVERSION SSCVT
                #define A2CW            SSA2CW
                #define W2CA            SSW2CA
                #define T2A             SST2A
                #define A2T             SSA2T
                #define T2W             SST2W
                #define W2T             SSW2T
                #define T2CA            SST2CA
                #define A2CT            SSA2CT
                #define T2CW            SST2CW
                #define W2CT            SSW2CT
                #define ocslen          sslen
                #define ocscpy          sscpy
                #define T2COLE          SST2COLE
                #define OLE2CT          SSOLE2CT
                #define T2OLE           SST2COLE
                #define OLE2T           SSOLE2CT
                #define A2OLE           SSA2OLE
                #define OLE2A           SSOLE2A
                #define W2OLE           SSW2OLE
                #define OLE2W           SSOLE2W
                #define A2COLE          SSA2COLE
                #define OLE2CA          SSOLE2CA
                #define W2COLE          SSW2COLE
                #define OLE2CW          SSOLE2CW
        
            #endif // #ifdef _MFC_VER
        #endif // #ifndef USES_CONVERSION
    #endif // #ifndef SS_NO_CONVERSION

    // Define ostring - generic name for std::basic_string<OLECHAR>

    #if !defined(ostring) && !defined(OSTRING_DEFINED)
        typedef std::basic_string<OLECHAR> ostring;
        #define OSTRING_DEFINED
    #endif

#endif // #ifndef SS_ANSI

// StdCodeCvt when there's no conversion to be done
inline PSTR StdCodeCvt(PSTR pDst, PCSTR pSrc, int nChars)
{
    pDst[0]             = '\0';
    std::char_traits<char>().copy(pDst, pSrc, nChars);
    if ( nChars > 0 )
        pDst[nChars]    = '\0';

    return pDst;
}
inline PSTR StdCodeCvt(PSTR pDst, PCUSTR pSrc, int nChars)
{
    return StdCodeCvt(pDst, (PCSTR)pSrc, nChars);
}
inline PUSTR StdCodeCvt(PUSTR pDst, PCSTR pSrc, int nChars)
{
    return (PUSTR)StdCodeCvt((PSTR)pDst, pSrc, nChars);
}

inline PWSTR StdCodeCvt(PWSTR pDst, PCWSTR pSrc, int nChars)
{
    pDst[0]             = '\0';
    std::char_traits<wchar_t>().copy(pDst, pSrc, nChars);
    if ( nChars > 0 )
        pDst[nChars]    = '\0';

    return pDst;
}


// Define tstring -- generic name for std::basic_string<TCHAR>

#if !defined(tstring) && !defined(TSTRING_DEFINED)
    typedef std::basic_string<TCHAR> tstring;
    #define TSTRING_DEFINED
#endif

// a very shorthand way of applying the fix for KB problem Q172398
// (basic_string assignment bug)

#if defined ( _MSC_VER ) && ( _MSC_VER < 1200 )
    #define Q172398(x) (x).erase()
#else
    #define Q172398(x)
#endif

// =============================================================================
// INLINE FUNCTIONS ON WHICH CSTDSTRING RELIES
//
// Usually for generic text mapping, we rely on preprocessor macro definitions
// to map to string functions.  However the CStdStr<> template cannot use
// macro-based generic text mappings because its character types do not get
// resolved until template processing which comes AFTER macro processing.  In
// other words, UNICODE is of little help to us in the CStdStr template
//
// Therefore, to keep the CStdStr declaration simple, we have these inline
// functions.  The template calls them often.  Since they are inline (and NOT
// exported when this is built as a DLL), they will probably be resolved away
// to nothing. 
//
// Without these functions, the CStdStr<> template would probably have to broken
// out into two, almost identical classes.  Either that or it would be a huge,
// convoluted mess, with tons of "if" statements all over the place checking the
// size of template parameter CT.
// 
// In several cases, you will see two versions of each function.  One version is
// the more portable, standard way of doing things, while the other is the
// non-standard, but often significantly faster Visual C++ way.
// =============================================================================

// If they defined SS_NO_REFCOUNT, then we must convert all assignments

#ifdef SS_NO_REFCOUNT
    #define SSREF(x) (x).c_str()
#else
    #define SSREF(x) (x)
#endif

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// sslen: strlen/wcslen wrappers
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
template<typename CT> inline int sslen(const CT* pT)
{
    return NULL == pT ? 0 : std::char_traits<CT>::length(pT);
}
inline SS_NOTHROW int sslen(const std::string& s)
{
    return s.length();
}
inline SS_NOTHROW int sslen(const std::wstring& s)
{
    return s.length();
}


// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// ssasn: assignment functions -- assign "sSrc" to "sDst"
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
typedef std::string::size_type      SS_SIZETYPE; // just for shorthand, really
typedef std::string::pointer        SS_PTRTYPE;  
typedef std::wstring::size_type     SW_SIZETYPE;
typedef std::wstring::pointer       SW_PTRTYPE;  

inline void ssasn(std::string& sDst, const std::string& sSrc)
{
    if ( sDst.c_str() != sSrc.c_str() )
    {
        sDst.erase();
        sDst.assign(SSREF(sSrc));
    }
}
inline void ssasn(std::string& sDst, PCSTR pA)
{
    // Watch out for NULLs, as always.

    if ( NULL == pA )
    {
        sDst.erase();
    }

    // If pA actually points to part of sDst, we must NOT erase(), but
    // rather take a substring

    else if ( pA >= sDst.c_str() && pA <= sDst.c_str() + sDst.size() )
    {
        sDst =sDst.substr(static_cast<SS_SIZETYPE>(pA-sDst.c_str()));
    }

    // Otherwise (most cases) apply the assignment bug fix, if applicable
    // and do the assignment

    else
    {
        Q172398(sDst);
        sDst.assign(pA);
    }
}
inline void ssasn(std::string& sDst, const std::wstring& sSrc)
{
#ifdef SS_ANSI
    int nLen    = sSrc.size();
    sDst.resize(0);
    sDst.resize(nLen);
    StdCodeCvt(const_cast<SS_PTRTYPE>(sDst.data()), sSrc.c_str(), nLen);
#else
    SSCVT;
    sDst.assign(SSW2CA(sSrc.c_str()));
#endif
}
inline void ssasn(std::string& sDst, PCWSTR pW)
{
#ifdef SS_ANSI
    int nLen    = sslen(pW);
    sDst.resize(0);
    sDst.resize(nLen);
    StdCodeCvt(const_cast<SS_PTRTYPE>(sDst.data()), pW, nLen);
#else
    SSCVT;
    sDst.assign(pW ? SSW2CA(pW) : "");
#endif
}
inline void ssasn(std::string& sDst, const int nNull)
{
    UNUSED(nNull);
    ASSERT(nNull==NULL);
    sDst.assign("");
}   
inline void ssasn(std::wstring& sDst, const std::wstring& sSrc)
{
    if ( sDst.c_str() != sSrc.c_str() )
    {
        sDst.erase();
        sDst.assign(SSREF(sSrc));
    }
}
inline void ssasn(std::wstring& sDst, PCWSTR pW)
{
    // Watch out for NULLs, as always.

    if ( NULL == pW )
    {
        sDst.erase();
    }

    // If pW actually points to part of sDst, we must NOT erase(), but
    // rather take a substring

    else if ( pW >= sDst.c_str() && pW <= sDst.c_str() + sDst.size() )
    {
        sDst = sDst.substr(static_cast<SW_SIZETYPE>(pW-sDst.c_str()));
    }

    // Otherwise (most cases) apply the assignment bug fix, if applicable
    // and do the assignment

    else
    {
        Q172398(sDst);
        sDst.assign(pW);
    }
}
#undef StrSizeType
inline void ssasn(std::wstring& sDst, const std::string& sSrc)
{
#ifdef SS_ANSI
    int nLen    = sSrc.size();
    sDst.resize(0);
    sDst.resize(nLen);
    StdCodeCvt(const_cast<SW_PTRTYPE>(sDst.data()), sSrc.c_str(), nLen);
#else
    SSCVT;
    sDst.assign(SSA2CW(sSrc.c_str()));
#endif
}
inline void ssasn(std::wstring& sDst, PCSTR pA)
{
#ifdef SS_ANSI
    int nLen    = sslen(pA);
    sDst.resize(0);
    sDst.resize(nLen);
    StdCodeCvt(const_cast<SW_PTRTYPE>(sDst.data()), pA, nLen);
#else
    SSCVT;
    sDst.assign(pA ? SSA2CW(pA) : L"");
#endif
}
inline void ssasn(std::wstring& sDst, const int nNull)
{
    UNUSED(nNull);
    ASSERT(nNull==NULL);
    sDst.assign(L"");
}


// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// ssadd: string object concatenation -- add second argument to first
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
inline void ssadd(std::string& sDst, const std::wstring& sSrc)
{
#ifdef SS_ANSI
    int nLen    = sSrc.size();
    sDst.resize(sDst.size() + nLen);
    StdCodeCvt(const_cast<SS_PTRTYPE>(sDst.data()+nLen), sSrc.c_str(), nLen);
#else
    SSCVT; 
    sDst.append(SSW2CA(sSrc.c_str())); 
#endif
}
inline void ssadd(std::string& sDst, const std::string& sSrc)
{ 
    sDst.append(sSrc.c_str());
}
inline void ssadd(std::string& sDst, PCWSTR pW)
{
#ifdef SS_ANSI
    int nLen    = sslen(pW);
    sDst.resize(sDst.size() + nLen);
    StdCodeCvt(const_cast<SS_PTRTYPE>(sDst.data()+nLen), pW, nLen);
#else
    SSCVT;
    if ( NULL != pW )
        sDst.append(SSW2CA(pW)); 
#endif
}
inline void ssadd(std::string& sDst, PCSTR pA)
{
    if ( pA )
        sDst.append(pA); 
}
inline void ssadd(std::wstring& sDst, const std::wstring& sSrc)
{
    sDst.append(sSrc.c_str());
}
inline void ssadd(std::wstring& sDst, const std::string& sSrc)
{
#ifdef SS_ANSI
    int nLen    = sSrc.size();
    sDst.resize(sDst.size() + nLen);
    StdCodeCvt(const_cast<SW_PTRTYPE>(sDst.data()+nLen), sSrc.c_str(), nLen);
#else
    SSCVT;
    sDst.append(SSA2CW(sSrc.c_str()));
#endif
}
inline void ssadd(std::wstring& sDst, PCSTR pA)
{
#ifdef SS_ANSI
    int nLen    = sslen(pA);
    sDst.resize(sDst.size() + nLen);
    StdCodeCvt(const_cast<SW_PTRTYPE>(sDst.data()+nLen), pA, nLen);
#else
    SSCVT;
    if ( NULL != pA )
        sDst.append(SSA2CW(pA));
#endif
}
inline void ssadd(std::wstring& sDst, PCWSTR pW)
{
    if ( pW )
        sDst.append(pW);
}


// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// ssicmp: comparison (case insensitive )
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#ifdef SS_ANSI
    template<typename CT>
    inline int ssicmp(const CT* pA1, const CT* pA2)
    {
        std::locale loc;
        const std::ctype<CT>& ct = SS_USE_FACET(loc, std::ctype<CT>);
        CT f;
        CT l;

            do 
            {
                f = ct.tolower(*(pA1++));
                l = ct.tolower(*(pA2++));
            } while ( (f) && (f == l) );

        return (int)(f - l);
    }
#else
    #ifdef _MBCS
        inline long sscmp(PCSTR pA1, PCSTR pA2)
        {
            return _mbscmp((PCUSTR)pA1, (PCUSTR)pA2);
        }
        inline long ssicmp(PCSTR pA1, PCSTR pA2)
        {
            return _mbsicmp((PCUSTR)pA1, (PCUSTR)pA2);
        }
    #else
        inline long sscmp(PCSTR pA1, PCSTR pA2)
        {
            return strcmp(pA1, pA2);
        }
        inline long ssicmp(PCSTR pA1, PCSTR pA2)
        {
            return _stricmp(pA1, pA2);
        }
    #endif
    inline long sscmp(PCWSTR pW1, PCWSTR pW2)
    {
        return wcscmp(pW1, pW2);
    }
    inline long ssicmp(PCWSTR pW1, PCWSTR pW2)
    {
        return _wcsicmp(pW1, pW2);
    }
#endif

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// ssupr/sslwr: Uppercase/Lowercase conversion functions
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#ifdef SS_ANSI
    template<typename CT>
    inline void sslwr(CT* pT, size_t nLen)
    {
        SS_USE_FACET(std::locale(), std::ctype<CT>).tolower(pT, pT+nLen);
    }
    template<typename CT>
    inline void ssupr(CT* pT, size_t nLen)
    {
        SS_USE_FACET(std::locale(), std::ctype<CT>).toupper(pT, pT+nLen);
    }
#else  // #else we must be on Win32
    #ifdef _MBCS
        inline void ssupr(PSTR pA, size_t /*nLen*/)
        {
            _mbsupr((PUSTR)pA);
        }
        inline void sslwr(PSTR pA, size_t /*nLen*/)
        {
            _mbslwr((PUSTR)pA);
        }
    #else
        inline void ssupr(PSTR pA, size_t /*nLen*/)
        {
            _strupr(pA); 
        }
        inline void sslwr(PSTR pA, size_t /*nLen*/)
        {
            _strlwr(pA);
        }
    #endif
    inline void ssupr(PWSTR pW, size_t /*nLen*/)    
    {
        _wcsupr(pW);
    }
    inline void sslwr(PWSTR pW, size_t /*nLen*/)    
    {
        _wcslwr(pW);
    }
#endif // #ifdef SS_ANSI

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//  vsprintf/vswprintf or _vsnprintf/_vsnwprintf equivalents.  In standard
//  builds we can't use _vsnprintf/_vsnwsprintf because they're MS extensions.
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#ifdef SS_ANSI
    inline int ssvsprintf(PSTR pA, size_t /*nCount*/, PCSTR pFmtA, va_list vl)
    {
        return vsprintf(pA, pFmtA, vl);
    }
    inline int ssvsprintf(PWSTR pW, size_t nCount, PCWSTR pFmtW, va_list vl)
    {
    #ifdef __MWERKS__
        return vswprintf(pW, nCount, pFmtW, vl);
    #else
        nCount;
        return vswprintf(pW, pFmtW, vl);
    #endif
    }
    inline int ssvsprintf(PWSTR pW, PCWSTR pFmtW, va_list vl)
    {
        return vswprintf(pW, pFmtW, vl);
    }
#else
    inline int  ssnprintf(PSTR pA, size_t nCount, PCSTR pFmtA, va_list vl)
    { 
        return _vsnprintf(pA, nCount, pFmtA, vl);
    }
    inline int  ssnprintf(PWSTR pW, size_t nCount, PCWSTR pFmtW, va_list vl)
    {
        return _vsnwprintf(pW, nCount, pFmtW, vl);
    }
#endif


// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// ssload: Type safe, overloaded ::LoadString wrappers
// There is no equivalent of these in non-Win32-specific builds.  However, I'm
// thinking that with the message facet, there might eventually be one
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#ifdef SS_ANSI
#else
    inline int ssload(HMODULE hInst, UINT uId, PSTR pBuf, int nMax)
    {
        return ::LoadStringA(hInst, uId, pBuf, nMax);
    }
    inline int ssload(HMODULE hInst, UINT uId, PWSTR pBuf, int nMax)
    {
        return ::LoadStringW(hInst, uId, pBuf, nMax);
    }
#endif


// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// sscoll/ssicoll: Collation wrappers
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#ifdef SS_ANSI
    template <typename CT>
    inline int sscoll(const CT* sz1, int nLen1, const CT* sz2, int nLen2)
    {
        const std::collate<CT>& coll =
            SS_USE_FACET(std::locale(), std::collate<CT>);
        return coll.compare(sz1, sz1+nLen1, sz2, sz2+nLen2);
    }
    template <typename CT>
    inline int ssicoll(const CT* sz1, int nLen1, const CT* sz2, int nLen2)
    {
        const std::locale loc;
        const std::collate<CT>& coll = SS_USE_FACET(loc, std::collate<CT>);

        std::collate<CT>::string_type s1(sz1);
        std::collate<CT>::string_type s2(sz2);

        sslwr(const_cast<CT*>(s1.c_str()), nLen1);
        sslwr(const_cast<CT*>(s2.c_str()), nLen2);
        return coll.compare(s1.c_str(), s1.c_str()+nLen1,
                            s2.c_str(), s2.c_str()+nLen2);
    }
#else
    #ifdef _MBCS
        inline int sscoll(PCSTR sz1, int /*nLen1*/, PCSTR sz2, int /*nLen2*/)
        {
            return _mbscoll((PCUSTR)sz1, (PCUSTR)sz2);
        }
        inline int ssicoll(PCSTR sz1, int /*nLen1*/, PCSTR sz2, int /*nLen2*/)
        {
            return _mbsicoll((PCUSTR)sz1, (PCUSTR)sz2);
        }
    #else
        inline int sscoll(PCSTR sz1, int /*nLen1*/, PCSTR sz2, int /*nLen2*/)
        {
            return strcoll(sz1, sz2);
        }
        inline int ssicoll(PCSTR sz1, int /*nLen1*/, PCSTR sz2, int /*nLen2*/)
        {
            return _stricoll(sz1, sz2);
        }
    #endif
    inline int sscoll(PCWSTR sz1, int /*nLen1*/, PCWSTR sz2, int /*nLen2*/)
    {
        return wcscoll(sz1, sz2);
    }
    inline int ssicoll(PCWSTR sz1, int /*nLen1*/, PCWSTR sz2, int /*nLen2*/)
    {
        return _wcsicoll(sz1, sz2);
    }
#endif


// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// ssfmtmsg: FormatMessage equivalents.  Needed because I added a CString facade
// Again -- no equivalent of these on non-Win32 builds but their might one day
// be one if the message facet gets implemented
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#ifdef SS_ANSI
#else
    inline DWORD ssfmtmsg(DWORD dwFlags, LPCVOID pSrc, DWORD dwMsgId,
                          DWORD dwLangId, PSTR pBuf, DWORD nSize,
                          va_list* vlArgs)
    { 
        return FormatMessageA(dwFlags, pSrc, dwMsgId, dwLangId,
                              pBuf, nSize,vlArgs);
    }
    inline DWORD ssfmtmsg(DWORD dwFlags, LPCVOID pSrc, DWORD dwMsgId,
                          DWORD dwLangId, PWSTR pBuf, DWORD nSize,
                          va_list* vlArgs)
    {
        return FormatMessageW(dwFlags, pSrc, dwMsgId, dwLangId,
                              pBuf, nSize,vlArgs);
    }
#endif
 


// FUNCTION: sscpy.  Copies up to 'nMax' characters from pSrc to pDst.
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// FUNCTION:  sscpy
//      inline int sscpy(PSTR pDst, PCSTR pSrc, int nMax=-1);
//      inline int sscpy(PUSTR pDst,  PCSTR pSrc, int nMax=-1)
//      inline int sscpy(PSTR pDst, PCWSTR pSrc, int nMax=-1);
//      inline int sscpy(PWSTR pDst, PCWSTR pSrc, int nMax=-1);
//      inline int sscpy(PWSTR pDst, PCSTR pSrc, int nMax=-1);
//
// DESCRIPTION:
//      This function is very much (but not exactly) like strcpy.  These
//      overloads simplify copying one C-style string into another by allowing
//      the caller to specify two different types of strings if necessary.
//
//      The strings must NOT overlap
//
//      "Character" is expressed in terms of the destination string, not
//      the source.  If no 'nMax' argument is supplied, then the number of
//      characters copied will be sslen(pSrc).  A NULL terminator will
//      also be added so pDst must actually be big enough to hold nMax+1
//      characters.  The return value is the number of characters copied,
//      not including the NULL terminator.
//
// PARAMETERS: 
//      pSrc - the string to be copied FROM.  May be a char based string, an
//             MBCS string (in Win32 builds) or a wide string (wchar_t).
//      pSrc - the string to be copied TO.  Also may be either MBCS or wide
//      nMax - the maximum number of characters to be copied into szDest.  Note
//             that this is expressed in whatever a "character" means to pDst.
//             If pDst is a wchar_t type string than this will be the maximum
//             number of wchar_ts that my be copied.  The pDst string must be
//             large enough to hold least nMaxChars+1 characters.
//             If the caller supplies no argument for nMax this is a signal to
//             the routine to copy all the characters in pSrc, regardless of
//             how long it is.
//
// RETURN VALUE: none
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
template<typename CT1, typename CT2>
inline int sscpycvt(CT1* pDst, const CT2* pSrc, int nChars)
{
    StdCodeCvt(pDst, pSrc, nChars);
    pDst[SSMAX(nChars, 0)]  = '\0';
    return nChars;
}

template<typename CT1, typename CT2>
inline int sscpy(CT1* pDst, const CT2* pSrc, int nMax, int nLen)
{
    return sscpycvt(pDst, pSrc, SSMIN(nMax, nLen));
}
template<typename CT1, typename CT2>
inline int sscpy(CT1* pDst, const CT2* pSrc, int nMax)
{
    return sscpycvt(pDst, pSrc, SSMIN(nMax, sslen(pSrc)));
}
template<typename CT1, typename CT2>
inline int sscpy(CT1* pDst, const CT2* pSrc)
{
    return sscpycvt(pDst, pSrc, sslen(pSrc));
}
template<typename CT1, typename CT2>
inline int sscpy(CT1* pDst, const std::basic_string<CT2>& sSrc, int nMax)
{
    return sscpycvt(pDst, sSrc.c_str(), SSMIN(nMax, (int)sSrc.length()));
}
template<typename CT1, typename CT2>
inline int sscpy(CT1* pDst, const std::basic_string<CT2>& sSrc)
{
    return sscpycvt(pDst, sSrc.c_str(), (int)sSrc.length());
}





// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Functional objects for changing case.  They also let you pass locales
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

#ifdef SS_ANSI
    template<typename CT>
    struct SSToUpper : public std::binary_function<CT, std::locale, CT>
    {
        inline CT operator()(const CT& t, const std::locale& loc) const
        {
            return std::toupper<CT>(t, loc);
        }
    };
    template<typename CT>
    struct SSToLower : public std::binary_function<CT, std::locale, CT>
    {
        inline CT operator()(const CT& t, const std::locale& loc) const
        {
            return std::tolower<CT>(t, loc);
        }
    };
#endif

// struct SSSHDR - useful for non Std C++ persistence schemes.
typedef struct SSSHDR
{
    BYTE    byCtrl;
    ULONG   nChars;
} SSSHDR;   // as in "Standard String Stream Header"

// This struct is used for TrimRight() and TrimLeft() function implementations.
//template<typename CT>
//struct NotSpace : public std::unary_function<CT, bool>
//{
//  const std::locale& loc;
//  inline NotSpace(const std::locale& locArg) : loc(locArg) {}
//  inline bool operator() (CT t) { return !std::isspace(t, loc); }
//};
template<typename CT>
struct NotSpace : public std::unary_function<CT, bool>
{
    const std::locale& loc;
    NotSpace(const std::locale& locArg) : loc(locArg) {}

    // DINKUMWARE BUG:
    // Note -- using std::isspace in a COM DLL gives us access violations
    // because it causes the dynamic addition of a function to be called
    // when the library shuts down.  Unfortunately the list is maintained
    // in DLL memory but the function is in static memory.  So the COM DLL
    // goes away along with the function that was supposed to be called,
    // and then later when the DLL CRT shuts down it unloads the list and
    // tries to call the long-gone function.
    // This is DinkumWare's implementation problem.  Until then, we will
    // use good old isspace and iswspace from the CRT unless they
    // specify SS_ANSI
#ifdef SS_ANSI
    bool operator() const (CT t) { return !std::isspace(t, loc); }
#else
    bool ssisp(char c) const { return FALSE != ::isspace((int) c); }
    bool ssisp(wchar_t c) const { return FALSE != ::iswspace((wint_t) c); }
    bool operator()(CT t) const  { return !ssisp(t); }
#endif
};




//          Now we can define the template (finally!)
// =============================================================================
// TEMPLATE: CStdStr
//      template<typename CT> class CStdStr : public std::basic_string<CT>
//
// REMARKS:
//      This template derives from basic_string<CT> and adds some MFC CString-
//      like functionality
//
//      Basically, this is my attempt to make Standard C++ library strings as
//      easy to use as the MFC CString class.
//
//      Note that although this is a template, it makes the assumption that the
//      template argument (CT, the character type) is either char or wchar_t.  
// =============================================================================

//#define CStdStr _SS   // avoid compiler warning 4786


template<typename CT>
class CStdStr : public std::basic_string<CT>
{
    // Typedefs for shorter names.  Using these names also appears to help
    // us avoid some ambiguities that otherwise arise on some platforms

    typedef typename std::basic_string<CT>  MYBASE;  // my base class
    typedef CStdStr<CT>                     MYTYPE;  // myself
    typedef typename MYBASE::const_pointer  PCMYSTR; // PCSTR or PCWSTR 
    typedef typename MYBASE::pointer        PMYSTR;  // PSTR or PWSTR
    typedef typename MYBASE::iterator       MYITER;  // my iterator type
    typedef typename MYBASE::const_iterator MYCITER; // you get the idea...
    typedef typename MYBASE::size_type      MYSIZE;   
    typedef typename MYBASE::value_type     MYVAL; 
    typedef typename MYBASE::allocator_type MYALLOC;
    

public:

    // shorthand conversion from PCTSTR to string resource ID
    #define _TRES(pctstr) (LOWORD((DWORD)(pctstr))) 

    // CStdStr inline constructors
    CStdStr()
    {
    }

    CStdStr(const MYTYPE& str) : MYBASE(SSREF(str))
    {
    }

    CStdStr(const std::string& str)
    {
        ssasn(*this, SSREF(str));
    }

    CStdStr(const std::wstring& str)
    {
        ssasn(*this, SSREF(str));
    }

    CStdStr(PCMYSTR pT, MYSIZE n) : MYBASE(pT, n)
    {
    }

    CStdStr(PCSTR pA)
    {
    #ifdef SS_ANSI
        *this = pA;
    #else
        if ( NULL != HIWORD(pA) )
            *this = pA;
        else if ( NULL != pA && !Load(_TRES(pA)) )
            TRACE(_T("Can't load string %u\n"), _TRES(pA));
    #endif
    }

    CStdStr(PCWSTR pW)
    {
    #ifdef SS_ANSI
        *this = pW;
    #else
        if ( NULL != HIWORD(pW) )
            *this = pW;
        else if ( NULL != pW && !Load(_TRES(pW)) )
            TRACE(_T("Can't load string %u\n"), _TRES(pW));
    #endif
    }

    CStdStr(MYCITER first, MYCITER last)
        : MYBASE(first, last)
    {
    }

    CStdStr(MYSIZE nSize, MYVAL ch, const MYALLOC& al=MYALLOC())
        : MYBASE(nSize, ch, al)
    {
    }

    #ifdef SS_INC_COMDEF
        CStdStr(const _bstr_t& bstr)
        {
            *this = static_cast<PCTSTR>(bstr);
        }
    #endif

    // CStdStr inline assignment operators -- the ssasn function now takes care
    // of fixing  the MSVC assignment bug (see knowledge base article Q172398).
    MYTYPE& operator=(const MYTYPE& str)
    { 
        ssasn(*this, str); 
        return *this;
    }

    MYTYPE& operator=(const std::string& str)
    {
        ssasn(*this, str);
        return *this;
    }

    MYTYPE& operator=(const std::wstring& str)
    {
        ssasn(*this, str);
        return *this;
    }

    MYTYPE& operator=(PCSTR pA)
    {
        ssasn(*this, pA);
        return *this;
    }

    MYTYPE& operator=(PCWSTR pW)
    {
        ssasn(*this, pW);
        return *this;
    }

    MYTYPE& operator=(CT t)
    {
        Q172398(*this);
        MYBASE::assign(1, t);
        return *this;
    }

    #ifdef SS_INC_COMDEF
        MYTYPE& operator=(const _bstr_t& bstr)
        {
            return operator=(static_cast<const CT*>(bstr));
        }
    #endif


    // Overloads  also needed to fix the MSVC assignment bug (KB: Q172398)
    //  *** Thanks to Pete The Plumber for catching this one ***
    // They also are compiled if you have explicitly turned off refcounting
    #if ( defined(_MSC_VER) && ( _MSC_VER < 1200 ) ) || defined(SS_NO_REFCOUNT) 

        MYTYPE& assign(const MYTYPE& str)
        {
            ssasn(*this, str);
            return *this;
        }

        MYTYPE& assign(const MYTYPE& str, MYSIZE nStart, MYSIZE nChars)
        {
            // This overload of basic_string::assign is supposed to assign up to
            // <nChars> or the NULL terminator, whichever comes first.  Since we
            // are about to call a less forgiving overload (in which <nChars>
            // must be a valid length), we must adjust the length here to a safe
            // value.  Thanks to Ullrich Pollähne for catching this bug

            nChars      = SSMIN(nChars, str.length() - nStart);

            // Watch out for assignment to self

            if ( this == &str )
            {
                MYTYPE strTemp(str.c_str()+nStart, nChars);
                assign(strTemp);
            }
            else
            {
                Q172398(*this);
                MYBASE::assign(str.c_str()+nStart, nChars);
            }
            return *this;
        }

        MYTYPE& assign(const MYBASE& str)
        {
            ssasn(*this, str);
            return *this;
        }

        MYTYPE& assign(const MYBASE& str, MYSIZE nStart, MYSIZE nChars)
        {
            // This overload of basic_string::assign is supposed to assign up to
            // <nChars> or the NULL terminator, whichever comes first.  Since we
            // are about to call a less forgiving overload (in which <nChars>
            // must be a valid length), we must adjust the length here to a safe
            // value. Thanks to Ullrich Pollähne for catching this bug

            nChars      = SSMIN(nChars, str.length() - nStart);

            // Watch out for assignment to self

            if ( this == &str ) // watch out for assignment to self
            {
                MYTYPE strTemp(str.c_str() + nStart, nChars);
                assign(strTemp);
            }
            else
            {
                Q172398(*this);
                MYBASE::assign(str.c_str()+nStart, nChars);
            }
            return *this;
        }

        MYTYPE& assign(const CT* pC, MYSIZE nChars)
        {
            // Q172398 only fix -- erase before assigning, but not if we're
            // assigning from our own buffer

    #if defined ( _MSC_VER ) && ( _MSC_VER < 1200 )
            if ( !empty() && ( pC < data() || pC > data() + capacity() ) )
                erase();
    #endif
            Q172398(*this);
            MYBASE::assign(pC, nChars);
            return *this;
        }

        MYTYPE& assign(MYSIZE nChars, MYVAL val)
        {
            Q172398(*this);
            MYBASE::assign(nChars, val);
            return *this;
        }

        MYTYPE& assign(const CT* pT)
        {
            return assign(pT, CStdStr::traits_type::length(pT));
        }

        MYTYPE& assign(MYCITER iterFirst, MYCITER iterLast)
        {
    #if defined ( _MSC_VER ) && ( _MSC_VER < 1200 ) 
            // Q172398 fix.  don't call erase() if we're assigning from ourself
            if ( iterFirst < begin() || iterFirst > begin() + size() )
                erase()
    #endif
            replace(begin(), end(), iterFirst, iterLast);
            return *this;
        }
    #endif


    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // CStdStr inline concatenation.
    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    MYTYPE& operator+=(const MYTYPE& str)
    {
        ssadd(*this, str);
        return *this;
    }

    MYTYPE& operator+=(const std::string& str)
    {
        ssadd(*this, str);
        return *this; 
    }

    MYTYPE& operator+=(const std::wstring& str)
    {
        ssadd(*this, str);
        return *this;
    }

    MYTYPE& operator+=(PCSTR pA)
    {
        ssadd(*this, pA);
        return *this;
    }

    MYTYPE& operator+=(PCWSTR pW)
    {
        ssadd(*this, pW);
        return *this;
    }

    MYTYPE& operator+=(CT t)
    {
        append(1, t);
        return *this;
    }
    #ifdef SS_INC_COMDEF    // if we have _bstr_t, define a += for it too.
        MYTYPE& operator+=(const _bstr_t& bstr)
        {
            return operator+=(static_cast<PCMYSTR>(bstr));
        }
    #endif


    // addition operators -- global friend functions.

    friend  MYTYPE  operator+(const MYTYPE& str1,   const MYTYPE& str2);
    friend  MYTYPE  operator+(const MYTYPE& str,    CT t);
    friend  MYTYPE  operator+(const MYTYPE& str,    PCSTR sz);
    friend  MYTYPE  operator+(const MYTYPE& str,    PCWSTR sz);
    friend  MYTYPE  operator+(PCSTR pA,             const MYTYPE& str);
    friend  MYTYPE  operator+(PCWSTR pW,            const MYTYPE& str);
#ifdef SS_INC_COMDEF
    friend  MYTYPE  operator+(const _bstr_t& bstr,  const MYTYPE& str);
    friend  MYTYPE  operator+(const MYTYPE& str,    const _bstr_t& bstr);
#endif

    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Case changing functions
    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    MYTYPE& ToUpper()
    {
    //  Strictly speaking, this would be about the most portable way

    //  std::transform(begin(),
    //                 end(),
    //                 begin(),
    //                 std::bind2nd(SSToUpper<CT>(), std::locale()));

        // But practically speaking, this works faster

        if ( !empty() )
            ssupr(GetBuf(), size());

        return *this;
    }



    MYTYPE& ToLower()
    {
    //  Strictly speaking, this would be about the most portable way

    //  std::transform(begin(),
    //                 end(),
    //                 begin(),
    //                 std::bind2nd(SSToLower<CT>(), std::locale()));

        // But practically speaking, this works faster

        if ( !empty() )
            sslwr(GetBuf(), size());

        return *this;
    }



    MYTYPE& Normalize()
    {
        return Trim().ToLower();
    }


    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // CStdStr -- Direct access to character buffer.  In the MS' implementation,
    // the at() function that we use here also calls _Freeze() providing us some
    // protection from multithreading problems associated with ref-counting.
    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    CT* GetBuf(int nMinLen=-1)
    {
        if ( static_cast<int>(size()) < nMinLen )
            resize(static_cast<MYSIZE>(nMinLen));

        return empty() ? const_cast<CT*>(data()) : &(at(0));
    }

    CT* SetBuf(int nLen)
    {
        nLen = ( nLen > 0 ? nLen : 0 );
        if ( capacity() < 1 && nLen == 0 )
            resize(1);

        resize(static_cast<MYSIZE>(nLen));
        return const_cast<CT*>(data());
    }
    void RelBuf(int nNewLen=-1)
    {
        resize(static_cast<MYSIZE>(nNewLen > -1 ? nNewLen : sslen(c_str())));
    }

    void BufferRel()         { RelBuf(); }          // backwards compatability
    CT*  Buffer()            { return GetBuf(); }   // backwards compatability
    CT*  BufferSet(int nLen) { return SetBuf(nLen);}// backwards compatability

    bool Equals(const CT* pT, bool bUseCase=false) const
    {   // get copy, THEN compare (thread safe)
        return  bUseCase ? compare(pT) == 0 : ssicmp(MYTYPE(*this), pT) == 0;
    } 

    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // FUNCTION:  CStdStr::Load
    // REMARKS:
    //      Loads string from resource specified by nID
    //
    // PARAMETERS:
    //      nID - resource Identifier.  Purely a Win32 thing in this case
    //
    // RETURN VALUE:
    //      true if successful, false otherwise
    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
#ifndef SS_ANSI
    bool Load(UINT nId, HMODULE hModule=NULL)
    {
        bool bLoaded        = false;    // set to true of we succeed.

    #ifdef _MFC_VER     // When in Rome...

        CString strRes;
        bLoaded             = FALSE != strRes.LoadString(nId);
        if ( bLoaded )
            *this           = strRes;

    #else
        
        // Get the resource name and module handle

        if ( NULL == hModule )
            hModule         = GetResourceHandle();

        PCTSTR szName       = MAKEINTRESOURCE((nId>>4)+1); // lifted 
        DWORD dwSize        = 0;

        // No sense continuing if we can't find the resource

        HRSRC hrsrc         = ::FindResource(hModule, szName, RT_STRING);

        if ( NULL == hrsrc )
            TRACE(_T("Cannot find resource %d: 0x%X"), nId, ::GetLastError());
        else if ( 0 == (dwSize = ::SizeofResource(hModule, hrsrc) / sizeof(CT)))
            TRACE(_T("Cant get size of resource %d 0x%X\n"),nId,GetLastError());
        else
        {
            bLoaded         = 0 != ssload(hModule, nId, GetBuf(dwSize), dwSize);
            ReleaseBuffer();
        }

    #endif

        if ( !bLoaded )
            TRACE(_T("String not loaded 0x%X\n"), ::GetLastError());

        return bLoaded;
    }
#endif
    
    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // FUNCTION:  CStdStr::Format
    //      void _cdecl Formst(CStdStringA& PCSTR szFormat, ...)
    //      void _cdecl Format(PCSTR szFormat);
    //           
    // DESCRIPTION:
    //      This function does sprintf/wsprintf style formatting on CStdStringA
    //      objects.  It looks a lot like MFC's CString::Format.  Some people
    //      might even call this identical.  Fortunately, these people are now
    //      dead.
    //
    // PARAMETERS: 
    //      nId - ID of string resource holding the format string
    //      szFormat - a PCSTR holding the format specifiers
    //      argList - a va_list holding the arguments for the format specifiers.
    //
    // RETURN VALUE:  None.
    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // formatting (using wsprintf style formatting)
    #ifndef SS_ANSI
    void Format(UINT nId, ...)
    {
        va_list argList;
        va_start(argList, nId);
        va_start(argList, nId);

        MYTYPE strFmt;
        if ( strFmt.Load(nId) )
            FormatV(strFmt, argList);

        va_end(argList);
    }
    #endif
    void Format(const CT* szFmt, ...)
    {
        va_list argList;
        va_start(argList, szFmt);
        FormatV(szFmt, argList);
        va_end(argList);
    }
    void AppendFormat(const CT* szFmt, ...)
    {
        va_list argList;
        va_start(argList, szFmt);
        AppendFormatV(szFmt, argList);
        va_end(argList);
    }

    #define MAX_FMT_TRIES       5    // #of times we try 
    #define FMT_BLOCK_SIZE      2048 // # of bytes to increment per try
    #define BUFSIZE_1ST 256
    #define BUFSIZE_2ND 512
    #define STD_BUF_SIZE        1024

    // an efficient way to add formatted characters to the string.  You may only
    // add up to STD_BUF_SIZE characters at a time, though
    void AppendFormatV(const CT* szFmt, va_list argList)
    {
        CT szBuf[STD_BUF_SIZE];
    #ifdef SS_ANSI
        int nLen = ssvsprintf(szBuf, STD_BUF_SIZE-1, szFmt, argList);
    #else
        int nLen = ssnprintf(szBuf, STD_BUF_SIZE-1, szFmt, argList);
    #endif
        if ( 0 < nLen )
            append(szBuf, nLen);
    }

    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // FUNCTION:  FormatV
    //      void FormatV(PCSTR szFormat, va_list, argList);
    //           
    // DESCRIPTION:
    //      This function formats the string with sprintf style format-specs. 
    //      It makes a general guess at required buffer size and then tries
    //      successively larger buffers until it finds one big enough or a
    //      threshold (MAX_FMT_TRIES) is exceeded.
    //
    // PARAMETERS: 
    //      szFormat - a PCSTR holding the format of the output
    //      argList - a Microsoft specific va_list for variable argument lists
    //
    // RETURN VALUE: 
    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------

    void FormatV(const CT* szFormat, va_list argList)
    {
    #ifdef SS_ANSI

        int nLen    = sslen(szFormat) + STD_BUF_SIZE;
        ssvsprintf(GetBuffer(nLen), nLen-1, szFormat, argList);
        ReleaseBuffer();

    #else

        CT* pBuf            = NULL;
        int nChars          = 1;
        int nUsed           = 0;
        size_type nActual   = 0;
        int nTry            = 0;

        do  
        {
            // Grow more than linearly (e.g. 512, 1536, 3072, etc)

            nChars          += (nTry+1 * FMT_BLOCK_SIZE);
            pBuf            = reinterpret_cast<CT*>(_alloca(sizeof(CT)*nChars));
            nUsed           = ssnprintf(pBuf, nChars-1, szFormat, argList);

            // Ensure proper NULL termination.

            nActual         = nUsed == -1 ? nChars-1 : SSMIN(nUsed, nChars-1);
            pBuf[nActual+1]= '\0';


        } while ( nUsed < 0 && nTry++ < MAX_FMT_TRIES );

        // assign whatever we managed to format

        assign(pBuf, nActual);

    #endif
    }
    

    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // CString Facade Functions:
    //
    // The following methods are intended to allow you to use this class as a
    // drop-in replacement for CString.
    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    #ifndef SS_ANSI
        BSTR AllocSysString() const
        {
            ostring os;
            ssasn(os, *this);
            return ::SysAllocString(os.c_str());
        }
    #endif

    int Collate(PCMYSTR szThat) const
    {
        return sscoll(c_str(), length(), szThat, sslen(szThat));
    }

    int CollateNoCase(PCMYSTR szThat) const
    {
        return ssicoll(c_str(), length(), szThat, sslen(szThat));
    }

    int CompareNoCase(PCMYSTR szThat)   const
    {
        return ssicmp(c_str(), szThat);
    }

    int Delete(int nIdx, int nCount=1)
    {
        if ( nIdx < GetLength() )
            erase(static_cast<MYSIZE>(nIdx), static_cast<MYSIZE>(nCount));

        return GetLength();
    }

    void Empty()
    {
        erase();
    }

    int Find(CT ch) const
    {
        MYSIZE nIdx = find_first_of(ch);
        return static_cast<int>(nIdx == npos ? -1 : nIdx);
    }

    int Find(PCMYSTR szSub) const
    {
        MYSIZE nIdx = find(szSub);
        return static_cast<int>(nIdx == npos ? -1 : nIdx);
    }

    int Find(CT ch, int nStart) const
    {
        // CString::Find docs say add 1 to nStart when it's not zero
        // CString::Find code doesn't do that however.  We'll stick
        // with what the code does

        MYSIZE nIdx = find_first_of(ch, static_cast<MYSIZE>(nStart));
        return static_cast<int>(nIdx == npos ? -1 : nIdx);
    }

    int Find(PCMYSTR szSub, int nStart) const
    {
        // CString::Find docs say add 1 to nStart when it's not zero
        // CString::Find code doesn't do that however.  We'll stick
        // with what the code does

        MYSIZE nIdx = find(szSub, static_cast<MYSIZE>(nStart));
        return static_cast<int>(nIdx == npos ? -1 : nIdx);
    }

    int FindOneOf(PCMYSTR szCharSet) const
    {
        MYSIZE nIdx = find_first_of(szCharSet);
        return static_cast<int>(nIdx == npos ? -1 : nIdx);
    }

#ifndef SS_ANSI
    void FormatMessage(PCMYSTR szFormat, ...) throw(std::exception)
    {
        va_list argList;
        va_start(argList, szFormat);
        PMYSTR szTemp;
        if ( ssfmtmsg(FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_STRING|FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER,
                       szFormat, 0, 0,
                       reinterpret_cast<PMYSTR>(&szTemp), 0, &argList) == 0 ||
             szTemp == NULL )
        {
            throw std::runtime_error("out of memory");
        }
        *this = szTemp;
        LocalFree(szTemp);
        va_end(argList);
    }

    void FormatMessage(UINT nFormatId, ...) throw(std::exception)
    {
        MYTYPE sFormat;
        VERIFY(sFormat.LoadString(nFormatId) != 0);
        va_list argList;
        va_start(argList, nFormatId);
        PMYSTR szTemp;
        if ( ssfmtmsg(FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_STRING|FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER,
                       sFormat, 0, 0,
                       reinterpret_cast<PMYSTR>(&szTemp), 0, &argList) == 0 ||
            szTemp == NULL)
        {
            throw std::runtime_error("out of memory");
        }
        *this = szTemp;
        LocalFree(szTemp);
        va_end(argList);
    }
#endif


    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // GetXXXX -- Direct access to character buffer
    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    CT GetAt(int nIdx) const
    {
        return at(static_cast<MYSIZE>(nIdx));
    }

    CT* GetBuffer(int nMinLen=-1)
    {
        return GetBuf(nMinLen);
    }

    CT* GetBufferSetLength(int nLen)
    {
        return BufferSet(nLen);
    }

    // GetLength() -- MFC docs say this is the # of BYTES but
    // in truth it is the number of CHARACTERs (chars or wchar_ts)
    int GetLength() const
    {
        return static_cast<int>(length());
    }

    
    int Insert(int nIdx, CT ch)
    {
        if ( static_cast<MYSIZE>(nIdx) > size() -1 )
            append(1, ch);
        else
            insert(static_cast<MYSIZE>(nIdx), 1, ch);

        return GetLength();
    }

    int Insert(int nIdx, PCMYSTR sz)
    {
        insert(static_cast<MYSIZE>(nIdx), sz);
        return GetLength();
    }

    bool IsEmpty() const
    {
        return empty();
    }

    MYTYPE Left(int nCount) const
    {
        return substr(0, static_cast<MYSIZE>(nCount)); 
    }

    #ifndef SS_ANSI
    bool LoadString(UINT nId)
    {
        return this->Load(nId);
    }
    #endif

    void MakeLower()
    {
        ToLower();
    }

    void MakeReverse()
    {
        std::reverse(begin(), end());
    }

    void MakeUpper()
    { 
        ToUpper();
    }

    MYTYPE Mid(int nFirst ) const
    {
        return substr(static_cast<MYSIZE>(nFirst));
    }

    MYTYPE Mid(int nFirst, int nCount) const
    {
        return substr(static_cast<MYSIZE>(nFirst), static_cast<MYSIZE>(nCount));
    }

    void ReleaseBuffer(int nNewLen=-1)
    {
        RelBuf(nNewLen);
    }

    int Remove(CT ch)
    {
        MYSIZE nIdx     = 0;
        int nRemoved    = 0;
        while ( (nIdx=find_first_of(ch)) != npos )
        {
            erase(nIdx, 1);
            nRemoved++;
        }
        return nRemoved;
    }

    int Replace(CT chOld, CT chNew)
    {
        int nReplaced   = 0;
        for ( MYITER iter=begin(); iter != end(); iter++ )
        {
            if ( *iter == chOld )
            {
                *iter = chNew;
                nReplaced++;
            }
        }
        return nReplaced;
    }

    int Replace(PCMYSTR szOld, PCMYSTR szNew)
    {
        int nReplaced       = 0;
        MYSIZE nIdx         = 0;
        static const CT _C  = CT(0);
        MYSIZE nOldLen      = sslen(szOld);
        MYSIZE nNewLen      = sslen(szNew);
        PCMYSTR szRealNew   = szNew == NULL ? &_C : szNew;
        PCMYSTR szRealOld   = szOld == NULL ? &_C : szOld;
        while ( (nIdx=find(szRealOld, nIdx)) != npos )
        {
            replace(begin()+nIdx, begin()+nIdx+nOldLen, szRealNew);
            nReplaced++;
            nIdx += nNewLen;
        }
        return nReplaced;
    }

    int ReverseFind(CT ch) const
    {
        MYSIZE nIdx = find_last_of(ch);
        return static_cast<int>(nIdx == npos ? -1 : nIdx);
    }

    // ReverseFind overload that's not in CString but might be useful
    int ReverseFind(PCMYSTR szFind, size_type pos=npos) const
    {
        MYSIZE nIdx = rfind(NULL == szFind ? MYTYPE() : szFind, pos);
        return static_cast<int>(nIdx == npos ? -1 : nIdx);
    }

    MYTYPE Right(int nCount) const
    {
        nCount = SSMIN(nCount, static_cast<int>(size()));
        return substr(size()-static_cast<MYSIZE>(nCount));
    }

    void SetAt(int nIndex, CT ch)
    {
        ASSERT(size() > static_cast<MYSIZE>(nIndex));
        at(static_cast<MYSIZE>(nIndex))     = ch;
    }

    #ifndef SS_ANSI
        BSTR SetSysString(BSTR* pbstr) const
        {
            ostring os;
            ssasn(os, *this);
            if ( !::SysReAllocStringLen(pbstr, os.c_str(), os.length()) )
                throw std::runtime_error("out of memory");

            ASSERT(*pbstr != NULL);
            return *pbstr;
        }
    #endif

    MYTYPE SpanExcluding(PCMYSTR szCharSet) const
    {
        return Left(find_first_of(szCharSet));
    }

    MYTYPE SpanIncluding(PCMYSTR szCharSet) const
    {
        return Left(find_first_not_of(szCharSet));
    }

    #if !defined(UNICODE) && !defined(SS_ANSI)

        // CString's OemToAnsi and AnsiToOem functions are available only in
        // Unicode builds.  However since we're a template we also need a
        // runtime check of CT and a reinterpret_cast to account for the fact
        // that CStdStringW gets instantiated even in non-Unicode builds.

        void AnsiToOem()
        {
            if ( sizeof(CT) == sizeof(char) && !empty() )
            {
                ::CharToOem(reinterpret_cast<PCSTR>(c_str()),
                            reinterpret_cast<PSTR>(GetBuf()));
            }
            else
            {
                ASSERT(false);
            }
        }

        void OemToAnsi()
        {
            if ( sizeof(CT) == sizeof(char) && !empty() )
            {
                ::OemToChar(reinterpret_cast<PCSTR>(c_str()),
                            reinterpret_cast<PSTR>(GetBuf()));
            }
            else
            {
                ASSERT(false);
            }
        }

    #endif
    

    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Trim and its variants
    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    MYTYPE& Trim()
    {
        return TrimLeft().TrimRight();
    }

    MYTYPE& TrimLeft()
    {
        erase(begin(), std::find_if(begin(),end(),NotSpace<CT>(std::locale())));
        return *this;
    }

    MYTYPE&  TrimLeft(CT tTrim)
    {
        erase(0, find_first_not_of(tTrim));
        return *this;
    }

    MYTYPE&  TrimLeft(PCMYSTR szTrimChars)
    {
        erase(0, find_first_not_of(szTrimChars));
        return *this;
    }

    MYTYPE& TrimRight()
    {
        std::locale loc;
        reverse_iterator it = std::find_if(rbegin(), rend(), NotSpace<CT>(loc));
        if ( rend() != it )
            erase(rend() - it);

        erase(it != rend() ? find_last_of(*it) + 1 : 0);
        return *this;
    }

    MYTYPE&  TrimRight(CT tTrim)
    {
        MYSIZE nIdx = find_last_not_of(tTrim);
        erase(npos == nIdx ? 0 : ++nIdx);
        return *this;
    }

    MYTYPE&  TrimRight(PCMYSTR szTrimChars)
    {
        MYSIZE nIdx = find_last_not_of(szTrimChars);
        erase(npos == nIdx ? 0 : ++nIdx);
        return *this;
    }

    void            FreeExtra()
    {
        MYTYPE mt;
        swap(mt);
        if ( !mt.empty() )
            assign(mt.c_str(), mt.size());
    }

    // I have intentionally not implemented the following CString
    // functions.   You cannot make them work without taking advantage
    // of implementation specific behavior.  However if you absolutely
    // MUST have them, uncomment out these lines for "sort-of-like"
    // their behavior.  You're on your own.

//  CT*             LockBuffer()    { return GetBuf(); }// won't really lock
//  void            UnlockBuffer(); { } // why have UnlockBuffer w/o LockBuffer?

    // Array-indexing operators.  Required because we defined an implicit cast
    // to operator const CT* (Thanks to Julian Selman for pointing this out)
    CT& operator[](int nIdx)
    {
        return MYBASE::operator[](static_cast<MYSIZE>(nIdx));
    }

    const CT& operator[](int nIdx) const
    {
        return MYBASE::operator[](static_cast<MYSIZE>(nIdx));
    }

    CT& operator[](unsigned int nIdx)
    {
        return MYBASE::operator[](static_cast<MYSIZE>(nIdx));
    }

    const CT& operator[](unsigned int nIdx) const
    {
        return MYBASE::operator[](static_cast<MYSIZE>(nIdx));
    }

    operator const CT*() const
    {
        return c_str();
    }

    // IStream related functions.  Useful in IPersistStream implementations

#ifdef SS_INC_COMDEF

    #define SSSO_UNICODE    0x01    // the string is a wide string
    #define SSSO_COMPRESS   0x02    // the string is compressed

    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // FUNCTION: StreamSize
    // REMARKS:
    //      Returns how many bytes it will take to StreamSave() this CStdString
    //      object to an IStream.
    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    ULONG StreamSize() const
    {
        // Control header plus string
        ASSERT(size()*sizeof(CT) < 0xffffffffUL - sizeof(SSSHDR));
        return (size() * sizeof(CT)) + sizeof(SSSHDR);
    }

    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // FUNCTION: StreamSave
    // REMARKS:
    //      Saves this CStdString object to a COM IStream.
    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    HRESULT StreamSave(IStream* pStream) const
    {
        ASSERT(size()*sizeof(CT) < 0xffffffffUL - sizeof(SSSHDR));
        HRESULT hr      = E_FAIL;
        ASSERT(pStream != NULL);
        SSSHDR hdr;
        hdr.byCtrl      = sizeof(CT) == 2 ? SSSO_UNICODE : 0;
        hdr.nChars      = size();


        if ( FAILED(hr=pStream->Write(&hdr, sizeof(SSSHDR), NULL)) )
            TRACE(_T("StreamSave: Cannot write control header, ERR=0x%X\n"),hr);
        else if ( empty() )
            ;       // nothing to write
        else if ( FAILED(hr=pStream->Write(c_str(), size()*sizeof(CT), NULL)) )
            TRACE(_T("StreamSave: Cannot write string to stream 0x%X\n"), hr);

        return hr;
    }


    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // FUNCTION: StreamLoad
    // REMARKS:
    //      This method loads the object from an IStream.
    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    HRESULT StreamLoad(IStream* pStream)
    {
        ASSERT(pStream != NULL);
        SSSHDR hdr;
        HRESULT hr          = E_FAIL;

        if ( FAILED(hr=pStream->Read(&hdr, sizeof(SSSHDR), NULL)) )
        {
            TRACE(_T("StreamLoad: Cant read control header, ERR=0x%X\n"), hr);
        }
        else if ( hdr.nChars > 0 )
        {
            ULONG nRead     = 0;
            PMYSTR pMyBuf   = BufferSet(hdr.nChars);

            // If our character size matches the character size of the string
            // we're trying to read, then we can read it directly into our
            // buffer. Otherwise, we have to read into an intermediate buffer
            // and convert.
            
            if ( (hdr.byCtrl & SSSO_UNICODE) != 0 )
            {
                ULONG nBytes    = hdr.nChars * sizeof(wchar_t);
                if ( sizeof(CT) == sizeof(wchar_t) )
                {
                    if ( FAILED(hr=pStream->Read(pMyBuf, nBytes, &nRead)) )
                        TRACE(_T("StreamLoad: Cannot read string: 0x%X\n"), hr);
                }
                else
                {   
                    PWSTR pBufW = reinterpret_cast<PWSTR>(_alloca((nBytes)+1));
                    if ( FAILED(hr=pStream->Read(pBufW, nBytes, &nRead)) )
                        TRACE(_T("StreamLoad: Cannot read string: 0x%X\n"), hr);
                    else
                        sscpy(pMyBuf, pBufW, hdr.nChars*sizeof(wchar_t));
                }
            }
            else
            {
                ULONG nBytes    = hdr.nChars * sizeof(char);
                if ( sizeof(CT) == sizeof(char) )
                {
                    if ( FAILED(hr=pStream->Read(pMyBuf, nBytes, &nRead)) )
                        TRACE(_T("StreamLoad: Cannot read string: 0x%X\n"), hr);
                }
                else
                {
                    PSTR pBufA = reinterpret_cast<PSTR>(_alloca(nBytes));
                    if ( FAILED(hr=pStream->Read(pBufA, hdr.nChars, &nRead)) )
                        TRACE(_T("StreamLoad: Cannot read string: 0x%X\n"), hr);
                    else
                        sscpy(pMyBuf, pBufA, hdr.nChars);
                }
            }
        }
        else
        {
            this->erase();
        }
        return hr;
    }
#endif // #ifdef SS_INC_COMDEF

    // SetResourceHandle/GetResourceHandle.  In MFC builds, these map directly
    // to AfxSetResourceHandle and AfxGetResourceHandle.  In non-MFC builds they
    // point to a single static HINST so that those who call the member
    // functions that take resource IDs can provide an alternate HINST of a DLL
    // to search.  This is not exactly the list of HMODULES that MFC provides
    // but it's better than nothing.

    #ifdef _MFC_VER
        static void SetResourceHandle(HMODULE hNew)
        {
            AfxSetResourceHandle(hNew);
        }
        static HMODULE GetResourceHandle()
        {
            return AfxGetResourceHandle();
        }
    #else
        static void SetResourceHandle(HMODULE hNew)
        {
            SSResourceHandle() = hNew;
        }
        static HMODULE GetResourceHandle()
        {
            return SSResourceHandle();
        }
    #endif
};



// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// CStdStr friend addition functions defined as inline
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
template<typename CT>
inline
CStdStr<CT> operator+(const  CStdStr<CT>& str1, const  CStdStr<CT>& str2)
{
    CStdStr<CT> strRet(SSREF(str1));
    strRet.append(str2);
    return strRet;
}

template<typename CT>   
inline
CStdStr<CT> operator+(const  CStdStr<CT>& str, CT t)
{
    // this particular overload is needed for disabling reference counting
    // though it's only an issue from line 1 to line 2

    CStdStr<CT> strRet(SSREF(str)); // 1
    strRet.append(1, t);                // 2
    return strRet;
}

template<typename CT>
inline
CStdStr<CT> operator+(const  CStdStr<CT>& str, PCSTR pA)
{
    return CStdStr<CT>(str) + CStdStr<CT>(pA);
}

template<typename CT>
inline
CStdStr<CT> operator+(PCSTR pA, const  CStdStr<CT>& str)
{
    CStdStr<CT> strRet(pA);
    strRet.append(str);
    return strRet;
}

template<typename CT>
inline
CStdStr<CT> operator+(const CStdStr<CT>& str, PCWSTR pW)
{ 
    return CStdStr<CT>(SSREF(str)) + CStdStr<CT>(pW);
}

template<typename CT>
inline
CStdStr<CT> operator+(PCWSTR pW, const CStdStr<CT>& str)
{
    CStdStr<CT> strRet(pW);
    strRet.append(str);
    return strRet;
}

#ifdef SS_INC_COMDEF
    template<typename CT>
    inline
    CStdStr<CT> operator+(const _bstr_t& bstr, const CStdStr<CT>& str)
    {
        return static_cast<const CT*>(bstr) + str;
    }

    template<typename CT>
    inline
    CStdStr<CT> operator+(const CStdStr<CT>& str, const _bstr_t& bstr)
    {
        return str + static_cast<const CT*>(bstr);
    }
#endif


// =============================================================================
//                      END OF CStdStr INLINE FUNCTION DEFINITIONS
// =============================================================================

//  Now typedef our class names based upon this humongous template

typedef CStdStr<char>       CStdStringA;    // a better std::string
typedef CStdStr<wchar_t>    CStdStringW;    // a better std::wstring
typedef CStdStr<OLECHAR>    CStdStringO;    // almost always CStdStringW

// SSResourceHandle: our MFC-like resource handle
inline HMODULE& SSResourceHandle()
{
    static HMODULE hModuleSS    = GetModuleHandle(NULL);
    return hModuleSS;
}


// In MFC builds, define some global serialization operators
// Special operators that allow us to serialize CStdStrings to CArchives.
// Note that we use an intermediate CString object in order to ensure that
// we use the exact same format.

#ifdef _MFC_VER
    inline CArchive& AFXAPI operator<<(CArchive& ar, const CStdStringA& strA)
    {
        CString strTemp = strA;
        return ar << strTemp;
    }
    inline CArchive& AFXAPI operator<<(CArchive& ar, const CStdStringW& strW)
    {
        CString strTemp = strW;
        return ar << strTemp;
    }

    inline CArchive& AFXAPI operator>>(CArchive& ar, CStdStringA& strA)
    {
        CString strTemp;
        ar >> strTemp;
        strA = strTemp;
        return ar;
    }
    inline CArchive& AFXAPI operator>>(CArchive& ar, CStdStringW& strW)
    {
        CString strTemp;
        ar >> strTemp;
        strW = strTemp;
        return ar;
    }
#endif  // #ifdef _MFC_VER -- (i.e. is this MFC?)

// WUSysMessage -- return the system string corresponding to a system error or
// HRESULT value.
#define SS_DEFLANGID MAKELANGID(LANG_NEUTRAL,SUBLANG_DEFAULT)


// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// HOW TO EXPORT CSTDSTRING FROM A DLL
//
// If you want to export CStdStringA and CStdStringW from a DLL, then all you
// need to
//      1.  make sure that all components link to the same DLL version
//          of the CRT (not the static one).
//      2.  Uncomment the 3 lines of code below
//      3.  #define 2 macros per the instructions in MS KnowledgeBase
//          article Q168958.  The macros are:
//
//      MACRO       DEFINTION WHEN EXPORTING        DEFINITION WHEN IMPORTING
//      -----       ------------------------        -------------------------
//      SSDLLEXP    (nothing, just #define it)      extern
//      SSDLLSPEC   __declspec(dllexport)           __declspec(dllimport)
//
//      Note that these macros must be available to ALL clients who want to 
//      link to the DLL and use the class.  If they 
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//#pragma warning(disable:4231) // non-standard extension ("extern template")
//  SSDLLEXP template class SSDLLSPEC CStdStr<char>;
//  SSDLLEXP template class SSDLLSPEC CStdStr<wchar_t>;


// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// GLOBAL FUNCTION:  WUFormat
//      CStdStringA WUFormat(UINT nId, ...);
//      CStdStringA WUFormat(PCSTR szFormat, ...);
//
// REMARKS:
//      This function allows the caller for format and return a CStdStringA
//      object with a single line of code.
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#ifdef SS_ANSI
#else
    inline CStdStringA WUFormatA(UINT nId, ...)
    {
        va_list argList;
        va_start(argList, nId);

        CStdStringA strFmt;
        CStdStringA strOut;
        if ( strFmt.Load(nId) )
            strOut.FormatV(strFmt, argList);

        va_end(argList);
        return strOut;
    }
    inline CStdStringA WUFormatA(PCSTR szFormat, ...)
    {
        va_list argList;
        va_start(argList, szFormat);
        CStdStringA strOut;
        strOut.FormatV(szFormat, argList);
        va_end(argList);
        return strOut;
    }

    inline CStdStringW WUFormatW(UINT nId, ...)
    {
        va_list argList;
        va_start(argList, nId);

        CStdStringW strFmt;
        CStdStringW strOut;
        if ( strFmt.Load(nId) )
            strOut.FormatV(strFmt, argList);

        va_end(argList);
        return strOut;
    }
    inline CStdStringW WUFormatW(PCWSTR szwFormat, ...)
    {
        va_list argList;
        va_start(argList, szwFormat);
        CStdStringW strOut;
        strOut.FormatV(szwFormat, argList);
        va_end(argList);
        return strOut;
    }
#endif // #ifdef SS_ANSI

#ifdef SS_ANSI
#else
    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // FUNCTION: WUSysMessage
    //   CStdStringA WUSysMessageA(DWORD dwError, DWORD dwLangId=SS_DEFLANGID);
    //   CStdStringW WUSysMessageW(DWORD dwError, DWORD dwLangId=SS_DEFLANGID);
    //           
    // DESCRIPTION:
    //   This function simplifies the process of obtaining a string equivalent
    //   of a system error code returned from GetLastError().  You simply
    //   supply the value returned by GetLastError() to this function and the
    //   corresponding system string is returned in the form of a CStdStringA.
    //
    // PARAMETERS: 
    //   dwError - a DWORD value representing the error code to be translated
    //   dwLangId - the language id to use.  defaults to english.
    //
    // RETURN VALUE: 
    //   a CStdStringA equivalent of the error code.  Currently, this function
    //   only returns either English of the system default language strings.  
    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    #define SS_DEFLANGID MAKELANGID(LANG_NEUTRAL,SUBLANG_DEFAULT)
    inline CStdStringA WUSysMessageA(DWORD dwError, DWORD dwLangId=SS_DEFLANGID)
    {
        CHAR szBuf[512];

        if ( 0 != ::FormatMessageA(FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM, NULL, dwError,
                                   dwLangId, szBuf, 511, NULL) )
            return WUFormatA("%s (0x%X)", szBuf, dwError);
        else
            return WUFormatA("Unknown error (0x%X)", dwError);
    }
    inline CStdStringW WUSysMessageW(DWORD dwError, DWORD dwLangId=SS_DEFLANGID)
    {
        WCHAR szBuf[512];

        if ( 0 != ::FormatMessageW(FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM, NULL, dwError,
                                   dwLangId, szBuf, 511, NULL) )
            return WUFormatW(L"%s (0x%X)", szBuf, dwError);
        else
            return WUFormatW(L"Unknown error (0x%X)", dwError);
    }
#endif

// Define TCHAR based friendly names for some of these functions

#ifdef UNICODE
    #define CStdString              CStdStringW
    #define WUSysMessage            WUSysMessageW
    #define WUFormat                WUFormatW
#else
    #define CStdString              CStdStringA
    #define WUSysMessage            WUSysMessageA
    #define WUFormat                WUFormatA
#endif

// ...and some shorter names for the space-efficient

#define WUSysMsg                    WUSysMessage
#define WUSysMsgA                   WUSysMessageA
#define WUSysMsgW                   WUSysMessageW
#define WUFmtA                      WUFormatA
#define WUFmtW                      WUFormatW
#define WUFmt                       WUFormat
#define WULastErrMsg()              WUSysMessage(::GetLastError())
#define WULastErrMsgA()             WUSysMessageA(::GetLastError())
#define WULastErrMsgW()             WUSysMessageW(::GetLastError())


// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// FUNCTIONAL COMPARATORS:
// REMARKS:
//      These structs are derived from the std::binary_function template.  They
//      give us functional classes (which may be used in Standard C++ Library
//      collections and algorithms) that perform case-insensitive comparisons of
//      CStdString objects.  This is useful for maps in which the key may be the
//       proper string but in the wrong case.
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#define StdStringLessNoCaseW        SSLNCW  // avoid VC compiler warning 4786
#define StdStringEqualsNoCaseW      SSENCW      
#define StdStringLessNoCaseA        SSLNCA      
#define StdStringEqualsNoCaseA      SSENCA      

#ifdef UNICODE
    #define StdStringLessNoCase     SSLNCW      
    #define StdStringEqualsNoCase   SSENCW      
#else
    #define StdStringLessNoCase     SSLNCA      
    #define StdStringEqualsNoCase   SSENCA      
#endif

struct StdStringLessNoCaseW
    : std::binary_function<CStdStringW, CStdStringW, bool>
{
    inline
    bool operator()(const CStdStringW& sLeft, const CStdStringW& sRight) const
    { return ssicmp(sLeft.c_str(), sRight.c_str()) < 0; }
};
struct StdStringEqualsNoCaseW
    : std::binary_function<CStdStringW, CStdStringW, bool>
{
    inline
    bool operator()(const CStdStringW& sLeft, const CStdStringW& sRight) const
    { return ssicmp(sLeft.c_str(), sRight.c_str()) == 0; }
};
struct StdStringLessNoCaseA
    : std::binary_function<CStdStringA, CStdStringA, bool>
{
    inline
    bool operator()(const CStdStringA& sLeft, const CStdStringA& sRight) const
    { return ssicmp(sLeft.c_str(), sRight.c_str()) < 0; }
};
struct StdStringEqualsNoCaseA
    : std::binary_function<CStdStringA, CStdStringA, bool>
{
    inline
    bool operator()(const CStdStringA& sLeft, const CStdStringA& sRight) const
    { return ssicmp(sLeft.c_str(), sRight.c_str()) == 0; }
};

// If we had to define our own version of TRACE above, get rid of it now

#ifdef TRACE_DEFINED_HERE
    #undef TRACE
    #undef TRACE_DEFINED_HERE
#endif


#endif  // #ifndef STDSTRING_H